Electronic tissue technologies for seamless biointerfaces

Bioelectronic interfaces establish a communication channel between living system and an electrical machine. The first examples emerged in the 18th century when batteries were used to “galvanize” muscles nerves. Today bioelectronic underpin key medical technologies such as cardiac pacemaker emerging ones neuroprostheses brain-machine interfaces. Despite compelling applications systems, employ materials from microelectronics that are rigid, impermeable water bioinert. In contrast, phenomena soft tissues muscle nerve mediated by ions molecules solvated water. This disparity leads missed opportunities for achieving seamless extends beyond stimulation recording. this perspective, I discuss presented hydrogel building will require new types of hydrogels support both ionic electronic conductivity combined with functions extracellular matrix.